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時(shí)態(tài)
1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)以及將來完成時(shí)之間的區(qū)別
1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):
①構(gòu)成:have/has+過去分詞
②語法意義及要點(diǎn):
A.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)過去開始的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并可能繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去,常同表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。如so far,up to now,since,for a long time等。
——He has worked as a teacher for many years.
——Up till now,nothing has gone wrong.
B.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)過去發(fā)生的對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響的動(dòng)作或事件。常與不確定的過去時(shí)間狀語連用,如yet,just,before,recently等;也同表示頻度時(shí)間狀語連用,如often,ever,never,sometimes,several times等;還可同包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語連用,如now,today,this morning等。但不能同特定的過去時(shí)間狀語連用(last year,in 1997等)。
——I have never learned Japanese before.
——We have been quite busy lately(recently)。
C.在時(shí)間或條件狀語從句中,當(dāng)表示將來完成時(shí)的意義時(shí),要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)來代替將來完成時(shí)。
——We‘ll start at 5 o’clock if it has stopped raining by then.
——I shall go to see you when I have finished my homework.
Note:行為不能持續(xù)的瞬間動(dòng)詞(Instantaneous Verb),如arrive,begin,come,go,start,leave,die,join等通常不能用于這一語法意義,即該類動(dòng)詞在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。
——He has joined the army for five years.(誤)
——He has been in the army for five years.(正)
2)過去完成時(shí):
①構(gòu)成:had+過去分詞
②語法意義及要點(diǎn):
過去完成時(shí)表示某一動(dòng)作或情況發(fā)生在過去某一時(shí)刻之前并持續(xù)到該時(shí)刻。
——David and Jenny had known each other for a long time before their marriage.
——They had got everything ready before the party began.
Note:與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)截然不同的是過去完成時(shí)可以與表示具體過去的時(shí)間狀語連用。
——He said that he had seen her the day before yesterday.
3)將來完成時(shí):
①構(gòu)成:shall/will+have+過去分詞
②語法意義及要點(diǎn):
將來完成時(shí)表示某一動(dòng)作在將來某一時(shí)刻或?qū)砟骋粍?dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成或發(fā)生。
——He will have graduated from high school before his next birthday.
——The shop will have closed already before you get there.
2.哪些動(dòng)詞不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)
1)表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞,如be,seem,appear,become,get等。
He is being a used-car dealer.(誤)
He is a used-car dealer.(正)
She is seeming always about to smile.(誤)
She seems always about to smile.(正)
2)表示感官感覺的動(dòng)詞,如see(看見),hear(聽見),feel(感覺出),taste(嘗出),smell(聞到)等。
The medicine is tasting bitter.(誤)
The medicine tastes bitter.(正)
I was seeing a car passing by our house.(誤)
I saw a car passing by our house.(正)
3)表示擁有的動(dòng)詞,如have,own,possess,belong,contain,hold等。
He is owning a luxurious car.(誤)
He owns a luxurious car.(正)
The book is belonging to her.(誤)
The book belongs to her.(正)
4)表示思想狀況、態(tài)度的動(dòng)詞,如believe,think,know,understand,agree,approve,consider,expect,forget,guess,hesitate,hope,imagine,mean,realize,remember,suppose,trust,want,wish等。
I‘m thinking that he is right.(誤)
I think that he is right.(正)
I‘m understanding your feelings.(誤)
I understand your feelings.(正)
5)表示情感、愿望的動(dòng)詞,如admire,appreciate,care,enjoy,like,love,hate,detest,regret等。
He is loving his daughter very much.(誤)
He loves his daughter very much.(正)
I‘m regretting to say we cannot come.(誤)
I regret to say we cannot come.(正)
3.時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)
時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)又稱時(shí)態(tài)一致(Sequence of Tenses),指的是某些從句里的動(dòng)詞謂語時(shí)態(tài)必須和主句里的時(shí)態(tài)保持一致。
如果主句里的謂語動(dòng)詞是過去時(shí)態(tài)(過去時(shí)或過去完成時(shí)),那么從句的謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)也相應(yīng)地要用過去時(shí)。時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)主要發(fā)生在間接引語和賓語從句中,但其他從句有時(shí)也存在時(shí)態(tài)一致的問題。
——He explained that he had learned Chinese for many years.(現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)變?yōu)檫^去完成時(shí))
——He said he had been collecting materials on that subject for a long time.(過去進(jìn)行時(shí)變?yōu)檫^去完成進(jìn)行時(shí))
——He told me that they would have completed that project by the end of the year.(將來完成時(shí)變?yōu)檫^去將來完成時(shí))
雖然主句用了過去時(shí)等,如果從句表示的是科學(xué)真理、客觀事實(shí)或某人(物)的經(jīng)常性特點(diǎn)時(shí),其時(shí)態(tài)可以不必遵守時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)的規(guī)則而仍用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
——Galileo proved that the earth revolves round the sun.
——The teacher told the students that knowledge is power.
如果從句中有一個(gè)表示絕對(duì)過去時(shí)間的狀語,就不必把一般過去時(shí)變?yōu)檫^去完成時(shí)。
——He said that he joined the Red Army in 1933.
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