被動(dòng)語態(tài)：

（1）被動(dòng)語態(tài)定義：被動(dòng)語態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種特殊形式，用來說明主語與謂語動(dòng)詞之間的關(guān)系。如果主語是 動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者（即某人做某事），便叫主動(dòng)語態(tài)；如果主語是動(dòng)作的承受者（即某事被做），便叫被動(dòng)語態(tài)。主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)的區(qū)別不是詞序的區(qū)別，而是主語與謂語意義上的區(qū)別。在英語中只有及物動(dòng)詞和一些相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞的詞組才有被動(dòng)語態(tài)的形式。

（2）英語中被動(dòng)語態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be +動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。助動(dòng)詞be有時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化。被動(dòng)語態(tài)后的by短語有時(shí)可省去。

（1）被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法：

① 不知道誰是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者（即不知道誰做）時(shí)用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，省略by短語。如：A man was killed in the accident.（一個(gè)人死于事故）/ This window was broken yesterday.（這扇窗子是昨天被打破的）

②不說或者眾所周知是誰做時(shí)，用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，省略by短語。如：Rice is also grown in this place.（這個(gè)地方也種水稻）/ A railroad will be built here in three years.（三年之后這里將要修建一條鐵路）

③強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者，句尾加by短語。如：It was written by Lu Xun.（它（書）是魯迅寫的）/ A pet dog is never killed by its owner.（寵物狗是不會(huì)被主人宰殺的）

（2） 注意點(diǎn)：

①“動(dòng)詞+間接賓語+直接賓語”改為被動(dòng)時(shí)，可以用間接賓語做被動(dòng)句的主語。如：

His teacher gave him a dictionary.→He was given a dictionary by his teacher.（老師給他一本字典→他得到老師一本字典）

也可以用直接賓語做被動(dòng)句的主語，但是需用to或者for引出原句的間接賓語。如：His teacher gave him a dictionary.→A dictionary was given to him by his teacher.（老師給他一本字典→一本字典由老師送給了他）/His father made him a kite.→A kite was made for him by his father.（他的父親給他做了一個(gè)風(fēng)箏→一個(gè)風(fēng)箏由他的父親做給了他）

②“動(dòng)詞+賓語+動(dòng)詞原形”改為被動(dòng)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞原形前要加to.如：The boss made the poor man work 12 hours a day.→The poor man was made to work 12 hours a day.（老板讓這個(gè)可憐的人一天工作12小時(shí)→這個(gè)可憐人被迫一天工作12小時(shí)）

③“動(dòng)詞+…+介詞”改為被動(dòng)時(shí)，介詞一般在原位不動(dòng)。如：The girl takes good care of her little brother.→The girl's little brother is taken good care of by her.（女孩照顧小弟弟→女孩的小弟弟由她照顧著）

④“be+過去分詞”未必表示被動(dòng)語態(tài)，而可能是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

He is pleased/worried/tired /……（系表）（他高興/焦慮/疲勞……）

He was hit/knocked down/told/shot/……（被動(dòng)）（他被擊中/撞倒/關(guān)照/射中……）