2016年衛(wèi)生職稱英語考試語法之倒裝:
英語的一般語序?yàn)椋褐髡Z + 謂語動(dòng)詞 + 賓語(或表語)+ (狀語等附加成分)有時(shí)為了語法上或修辭上的需要而改變這種語序,如將謂語動(dòng)詞放到主語的前面,就稱為倒裝。因語法需要的倒裝稱為“語法倒裝”,例如英語中的疑問句多采用倒裝形式,如Are you a doctor or an engineer?因修辭需要,如為了強(qiáng)調(diào)、句子結(jié)構(gòu)均衡或承上啟下等目的倒裝,稱為“修辭性倒裝”,例如On the top of the hill stands a pretty little house.(山頂上有一座漂亮的小屋。)
就應(yīng)試而言,以下倒裝現(xiàn)象應(yīng)給予特別注意(按考試中出現(xiàn)的頻率高低順序排列)
1)not,not until,never,no,no sooner,seldom,hardly,scarcely,little,few 等否定詞開頭的句子,比較:
例1
正常語序:I shall never forget the first days at college.
倒裝語序:Never shall I forget the first days at college.
(我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記初上大學(xué)的那些日子)
例2
正常語序:I did not have any idea what market economy is until recently.
倒裝語序:Not until recently did I have any idea what market economy is.
(直到最近我才知道什么叫市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)。)
以上兩個(gè)句子采用倒裝語序的主要目的是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)。
要特別注意以下三個(gè)倒裝句型:
not until… ,見以上例2
no sooner …than…,例如:
No sooner had she finished reading the poem than the students began to ask her questions.
(她剛念完這首詩,學(xué)生們就開始向她提問題了。)
hardly …when …,與 no sooner … than…句型的意思和用法相同,就是不要把搭配搞錯(cuò)了,例如:
Hardly had she finished reading the poem when the students began to ask her questions.
2)介詞 + no否定詞開頭的句子,比較:
正常語序:I shall not do anything against the interests of the country under any circumstances.(不管在什么情況下,我決不做有損國(guó)家利益的事情。)
倒裝語序:Under no circumstances shall I do anything against the interests of the country.
3)only,so/such (…that…),often 等詞開頭的句子,比較:
正常語序:We can learn a foreign language well only in this way.
倒裝語序:Only in this way can we learn a foreign language well.
(只有這樣我們才能學(xué)好一門外語。)
正常語序:The stain was so small that I could hardly see it.
倒裝語序:So small was the stain that I could hardly see it.
(污跡很小,幾乎看不出來。)
從以上的舉例可以歸納出:
如果以上的詞(組)本來就是修飾或說明主語的,不存在倒裝問題,例如:
Not all scientists accept his new theory about the origin of the Universe.
(不是所有科學(xué)家都接受他的有關(guān)宇宙起源的新理論的。)
怎么倒裝?采用一般疑問句的倒裝規(guī)則。
應(yīng)試思路:
倒裝句一般都比較長(zhǎng),表達(dá)的意思相對(duì)比較復(fù)雜,這給英語基礎(chǔ)比較差的考生帶來理解上的一定困難。為了提高應(yīng)試效率,要牢牢把握好以下應(yīng)試思路:
見到not等否定詞,或only,so,often,或“介詞 + no…”開頭的句子,首先要考慮是否倒裝;
看看答案中哪個(gè)采用了倒裝形式(不要管是什么意思);
如果答案中有幾個(gè)倒裝形式,比較一下時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)或其他細(xì)微差別。
例如:
Not since the great growth years of the snowmobile ______ as much as the latest entry of all terrain vehicle.
A.did a sport vehicle catch the public's fancy
B.a sport vehicle had caught the public's fancy
C.has a sport vehicle caught the public's fancy
D.will a sport vehicle catch the public's fancy
要正確翻譯這個(gè)句子并不是件容易的事,但并不影響解題:
首先,這是個(gè)“not”開頭的句子,需要倒裝;
第二,在A.A.C.D四個(gè)答案中,B是唯一不倒裝的,肯定不對(duì);
第三,盡管A.C.D都是倒裝形式,但由于是“not since”,要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),故正確答案是C.
從以上例子可以看出,就語法考試而言,牢記基本規(guī)則,把握正確解題思路有時(shí)比多認(rèn)識(shí)幾個(gè)英語單詞更重要。
其他需注意的倒裝現(xiàn)象:
4)here,there,back,down,off,in,up等表示地點(diǎn)狀語的詞開頭的句子,例如:
Here comes a taxi! (來了輛出租車!)
There goes the last bus。┌喙财囬_走了!)
Down came the rain.(下雨了。)
但是:主語是代詞時(shí)不倒裝,例如:
Here it comes.(它來了。)
There she goes.(她走了。)
5)主語 + live,stand,lie,sit 等動(dòng)詞 + (介詞)地點(diǎn)狀語 的結(jié)構(gòu)中常采用倒裝語序,例如:
正常語序:An old temple stands at the top of the hill.
倒裝語序:At the top of the hill stands an old temple.(山頂上有座古廟。)
同樣,如果主語是代詞,也不能倒裝,例如:
(The old temple was built 800 hundred years ago.) It stands at the top of the hill.
6)although 讓步從句用as或 though代替時(shí),例如:
正常語序:Although he is young,he is quite expert in computer technology.
倒裝語序:Young as he is,he is quite expert in computer technology.
(盡管他很年輕,但是他對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)相當(dāng)專業(yè)。)
4)5)6)類倒裝只是簡(jiǎn)單的語序調(diào)整。
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