2016年職稱英語衛(wèi)生類語法輔導(dǎo)：賓語

賓語：又稱受詞，是指一個(gè)動(dòng)作（動(dòng)詞）的接受者。賓語分為直接賓語和間接賓語兩大類，其中直接賓語（經(jīng)常指被做的人）指動(dòng)作的直接對(duì)象，間接賓語說明動(dòng)作的非直接，但受動(dòng)作影響的對(duì)象。一般而言，及物動(dòng)詞后面最少要有一個(gè)賓語，而該賓語通常為直接賓語，有些及物動(dòng)詞要求兩個(gè)賓語，則這兩個(gè)賓語通常一個(gè)為直接賓語，另一個(gè)為間接賓語。

(1) 由名詞、代詞(人稱代詞要用賓格)、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、(賓語)從句充當(dāng),表示動(dòng)作的承受者是“誰”或者是“何物”。如： The angel also came to Joseph and told him the same thing.(那個(gè)天使同樣來到約瑟夫面前并且告訴他同樣的事情。)(代詞和名詞充當(dāng)兩個(gè)賓語) / He told me that the company could not afford to pay him so much money.(他告訴我說公司付不起他那么多的錢。)（不定式作賓語) / They enjoy watching football games so much that they often forget their lessons.（他們?nèi)绱讼矏劭醋闱蛞灾劣诔３Ｍ�記了他們的功課。)（動(dòng)名詞作賓語) / I think to be a children’s doctor is very rewarding.(我認(rèn)為當(dāng)個(gè)兒童醫(yī)生是很值得的。)（從句作賓語)

(2) 只有及物動(dòng)詞或介詞才有賓語,不及物動(dòng)詞沒有賓語,如果涉及到事物,則必須在不及物動(dòng)詞后面加合適的介詞。Listen to the radio.（listen不是及物動(dòng)詞,故加to。) / Can you hear anything exciting?(你能聽到什么令人興奮的消息嗎？)

(3) 賓語一般放在及物動(dòng)詞或介詞的后面,但是在疑問句中,如果賓語是疑問詞,則賓語要放在句首。介詞的賓語如果是疑問詞,則可以放在介詞后或句首。如：What did he see?（他看見了什么？) / What does he write a letter with?（他用什么寫的信？) / With what does he write a letter?（他用什么寫的信？)

(4)“動(dòng)詞+副詞+賓語”結(jié)構(gòu)中,如果賓語是代詞,則代詞必須放在“動(dòng)”“副”之間。如：Please put the shoes away.（請(qǐng)把鞋子收起來。) / Please put away the shoes.（請(qǐng)把鞋子收起來。) / Please put them away.（請(qǐng)把它們收起來。)

(5) 動(dòng)詞后面跟雙賓語時(shí)可以采用兩種結(jié)構(gòu)：

①動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(人)+直接賓語(物)。如：He often gives me some help.（他常常幫我。)

②動(dòng)詞+直接賓語+介詞+間接賓語。注意,一般情況介詞用to,但動(dòng)詞是make,buy,borrow時(shí),介詞用for.如：Please make me a kite.（請(qǐng)給我做個(gè)風(fēng)箏。)或Please make a kite for me.

(6) 在“動(dòng)詞+賓語+賓補(bǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)中,如果賓語是不定式、動(dòng)名詞、賓語從句,則常用it做形式賓語,而將實(shí)際的賓語移到補(bǔ)語后面去。如：I found the job rather difficult.（我發(fā)覺這個(gè)工作相當(dāng)難做。) / I found it rather difficult to do the job.

(7) 賓語可以由從句充當(dāng),詳見“賓語從句”。