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Why India Needs Its Dying Vultures

The vultures in question may look ugly and threatening,but the sudden sharp __1__ in three species of India's vultures is producing alarm rather than celebration,and it presents the world with a new kind of environmental __2__ The dramatic decline in vulture numbers is causing widespread disruption to people living in the same areas as the __3__ .It is also causing serious public health problems __4__ the Indian sub-continent.

While their reputation and appearance may be unpleasant to many Indians，vultures have__5__played a very important role in keeping towns and villages all over India clean.It is__6__they feed on dead cows.In India,cows are sacred animals and are __7__ left in the open when they die in their thousands upon thousands every year.

The disappearance of the vultures has __8__ an explosion in the numbers of wild dogs feeding on the remains of these dead animals.There are fears that rabies may __9__ as a result.And this terrifying disease may ultimately affect humans in the region,since wild dogs are its main carriers.Rabies could also spread to other animal species,causing an even greater problem in the __10__.

The need for action is __11__,so an emergency project has been launched to __12__ a solution to this serious vulture problem.Scientists are trying to identify the disease causing the birds，deaths and,if possible,develop a cure.

Large-scale vulture __13__ were first noticed at the end of the 1980s in India.A population survey at that time showed that the three species of vultures had declined __14__ over 90 per cent.All three species are now listed as "critically endangered".As most vultures lay only single eggs and __15__ about five years to reach maturity,reversing their population decline will be a long and difficult exercise.

詞匯：

vulture n.禿鷹

ultimately adv.最終地

species n.物種，種類

endanger v.危及，瀕危

disruption n.破壞，毀壞

maturity n.成熟期

rabies n.狂犬癥

注釋：

1.The vulture in question: 討論中的秀鷹（問(wèn)題)。in question意為"討論中的，考慮中的"。

2.rather than：而不是。例:Your proposal is positive rather than negative.(你的提議是積極的，而不是消極的。）

3.the Indian sub-continent: 印度次大陸

4.while: 雖然。例:While he has published many papers,he is modest.(雖然他發(fā)表了多篇論文，他還是很謙虛。）

5.thousands upon thousands:成千上萬(wàn)的

6.in the open:在戶外，在野外

7.as a result:結(jié)果

8.listed as "critically endangered"：被列為極度瀕危動(dòng)物

練習(xí)：

1.A.declineB.riseC.teethD.eyes

2.A.benefitB.debateC.problemD.solution

3.A.plantsB.birdsC.humansD.cows

4.A.overB.withC.throughD.across

5.A.sometimesB.longC.suddenlyD.hardly

6.A.whoB.whenC.becauseD.where

7.A.traditionallyB.occasionallyC.possiblyD.finally

8.A.came fromB.adjusted toC.resulted fromD.led to

9.A.dropB.increaseC.disappearD.change

10.A.futureB.pastC.villagesD.mountains

11.A.recentB.urgentC.frequentD.rare

12.A.neglectB.useC.removeD.find

13.A.curesB.arrivalsC.deathsD.journeys

14.A.alongB.onC.inD.by

15.A.takeB.adoptC.consumeD.waste

答案與題解：

1.A通篇文章都在敘述禿鷹瀕臨滅種對(duì)印度環(huán)境的負(fù)面影響，而且文章的標(biāo)題中的"dying vultures"也提供了線索。decline符合上下文的意思，是答案。rise與上下文的意思相反。sharp teeth和sharp eyes是禿鷹的特點(diǎn)，但文章并未提及。

2.C禿鷹瀕臨滅亡，給環(huán)境帶來(lái)問(wèn)題。上一句的"alarm rather than celebration"提供了解題的線索，禿鷹瀕臨滅亡對(duì)我們是一種警告，而不是一件值得慶賀的事。選problem是合適的。至于debate和solution，文章并未涉及。

3.B禿鷹數(shù)量的減少對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)鼐用袷且环N災(zāi)難。此外，對(duì)誰(shuí)也是一種災(zāi)難呢？as引出的對(duì)象是誰(shuí)呢? 這個(gè)對(duì)象不會(huì)是humans,plants或cows。答案是birds。

4.D作者原來(lái)的用詞一定是across the Indian sub-continent(整個(gè)印度次大陸），不可能是 over the Indian sub-continent(在印度次大陸上空)，with the Indian sub-continent(與印度次大陸一起)或 through the Indian sub-continent(穿越印度次大陸）。

5.B本段前面的句子描述了禿鷹在保護(hù)該地區(qū)的環(huán)境上作用很大，所以禿鷹不會(huì)是時(shí)有時(shí)無(wú)(sometimes)地起作用，或突然地(suddenly)起作用，或幾乎不（hardly)起作用。只有選long(長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)一直)起作用才合乎上下文的意思。

6.C為什么禿鷹會(huì)起保護(hù)環(huán)境的作用呢？本段的下半段說(shuō)出了其中的原因。牛在印度被視為神物，死后露尸戶外，任其腐爛。禿鷹以食牛的尸體為生，同時(shí)也清除了污染源，保護(hù)了城鎮(zhèn)和鄉(xiāng)村的環(huán)境。這些句子講的是原因，所以選擇because是對(duì)的。

7.A文章說(shuō)每年有成千上萬(wàn)頭牛死亡并露尸城鎮(zhèn)和鄉(xiāng)村。既然是這樣，就不會(huì)是偶爾(occasionally)或可能(possibly)或最終(finally)露尸在城鎮(zhèn)和鄉(xiāng)村。露尸戶外是印度的傳統(tǒng)，所以traditionally是答案。

8.D 本段第一句表達(dá)的是因果關(guān)系。The disappearance of the vultures 是因，an explosion in the numbers of wild dogs feeding on the remains of these dead animals 是果。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有l(wèi)ed to (導(dǎo)致)能表達(dá)這種因果關(guān)系，所以led to是答案。

9.B野狗是狂犬病菌的主要攜帶者，野狗大量的出現(xiàn)當(dāng)然會(huì)增加狂犬病擴(kuò)散的危險(xiǎn)性，而不是相反。所以選increase是正確的，而drop是increase的反義詞，不會(huì)是答案。change或disappear都脫離了上下文的意思，所以不是答案。

10.A狂犬病從野狗傳到人身上已經(jīng)非�？膳�，如果再傳到其他動(dòng)物身上問(wèn)題就更嚴(yán)重了。 四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選future構(gòu)成詞組in the future(在未來(lái))符合上下文的意思。

11.B從后面的"an emergency project has been launched(啟動(dòng)了應(yīng)急項(xiàng)目）"可以推斷出要選的形容詞是urgent(緊迫的）。

12.D啟動(dòng)應(yīng)急項(xiàng)目是為了找到一個(gè)解決的辦法。neglect a solution,use a solution或remove a solution顯然不符合上下文的意思。find是答案。

13.C本段說(shuō)禿鷹的數(shù)量急劇減少，已被列為瀕危物種。本題的選項(xiàng)cures(治療法）、 arrivals(到達(dá)）或 journeys(旅程）與本段后面一句 "All three species are now listed as 'critically endangered'"所表達(dá)的意思接不上。選deaths,全段的意思就連貫了。因此， deaths是答案。

14.D在四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，along,on，in明顯不合適。by有"到（某事物）的程度"的意思。"...the three species of vultures had declined by over 90 per cent" 的意思是"三種秀鷹的數(shù)量減少了90%以上"。

15.A "花費(fèi)或用多少時(shí)間"英語(yǔ)的常用的表達(dá)法是"take...days/months,etc."。選take是正確的。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都不合適。

參考譯文

第八篇印度為什么需要瀕臨滅亡的禿鷹

人們談?wù)摰亩d鷹可能看起來(lái)既丑又危險(xiǎn)，但是印度三種禿鷹瀕臨滅亡對(duì)我們是一種警告，而不是一件值得慶賀的事。它向世人明示了一個(gè)新的環(huán)境問(wèn)題。禿鷹數(shù)量的急劇減少不僅是這些鳥(niǎo)類的災(zāi)難對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)鼐用裢瑯右彩侨绱�，它同時(shí)給整個(gè)印度次大陸帶來(lái)了公共衛(wèi)生問(wèn)題。

雖然禿鷹的名聲不好，許多印度人也討厭其長(zhǎng)相，但是長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)，禿鷹在維護(hù)全印度的城鎮(zhèn)和鄉(xiāng)村的清潔方面扮演了非常重要的角色。因?yàn)槎d鷹是以死牛為生。在印度，每年都有成千上萬(wàn)的牛死去，而牛是神圣的動(dòng)物，死后露尸戶外，任其腐爛。

禿鷹的消失使得以牛尸為生的野狗數(shù)量暴增，因此，人們擔(dān)心罹患狂犬病的病人會(huì)增加。由于野狗是狂犬病的主要攜帶者，這種可怕的疾病最終會(huì)影響當(dāng)?shù)氐木用��？袢�病也可能傳播到其他生物，未�?lái)會(huì)導(dǎo)致更大的問(wèn)題。

采取行動(dòng)刻不容緩。所以，一個(gè)危機(jī)處理項(xiàng)目已經(jīng)啟動(dòng)，目的是找到解決禿鷹問(wèn)題的方法�？茖W(xué)家們正試圖確認(rèn)導(dǎo)致禿鷹死亡的疾病，如果可能的話，找到治愈該病的方法。

在印度，人們注意到禿鷹的大批死亡最早是在20世紀(jì)80年代。根據(jù)當(dāng)時(shí)的物種調(diào)查顯示，三種禿鷹的數(shù)量減少了90%以上。目前，這三種禿鷹都被列為"極度瀕危動(dòng)物' 由于大部分禿鷹每次只產(chǎn)一只蛋，幼鷹需要大約5年的時(shí)間才能成熟，因此，若想遏制住禿鷹數(shù)量的下降會(huì)是一項(xiàng)長(zhǎng)期的、艱巨的任務(wù)。